Martin Luther s Jr And The Christian Believer Free

Martin Luther’s three major treaties were â€Å"attempts to persuade Pope Leo X and Roman Catholics that the theology of the Reformation was not a novelty in the faith, but a pure confession of the Word of God and consistent with the truth of the Holy Scriptures† Each one focused on various practices and beliefs of the Catholic Church that Martin Luther deemed were wrong. One of Martin Luther s three major treatises, On A Freedom of a Christian, reprimands the widely held Christian belief that good works justified our salvation. Martin Luther had hoped that his writings would educate and remind the people and religious officials that salvation stems from our faith. Faith should not be categorized as a virtue but rather a trust in God in which one builds when they encounter the trials and temptations in life. Therefore, it is the Gospel, the word of God, that sets the Christian believer free. However, this new insight had led people to believe that both faith and good w orks is necessary for justification. Martin Luther wanted to separate the truth from the false teachings. Therefore, Martin Luther explains that although the Christian is freed good works are still compulsory because it’s function is to help Christians discipline themselves in order to better serve the needs of their neighbor as long as they have the faith first in order for their works to be considered good and pleasing to God. The purpose of good works is not for the sake of justification but rather toShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1641 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, there are lots of rhetorical strategies that he uses in response to the eight Alabama clergymen’s letter, A Call for Unity. The clergymen’s letter was criticising Dr. King’s civil rights demonstrations taking place in Alabama. The letter encouraged civil rights activists to negotiate instead of protesting and King’s letter responded arguing that it is necessary for them to take civil action and counters their claim by using ethos, asking rhetoricalRead MoreMartin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1849 Words   |  8 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was born into a society that treated him inferior to white people just because he was African-American. As a bright young boy in a diminishing culture, his father reassured him that he was just as good as anyone else. He was determined to work hard, and demonstrate his equality regardless of race. He set out to be the best he could be and graduated high school at the early age of fifteen. Martin Luther King Jr. thenRead MoreEssay Life and Work of Martin Luther King Jr.2061 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights activist from the 1950’s to 1968 with a strong religious background. A strong advocator for all minorities, King did all in his power to end barriers of community; poverty, racism and militarism. The principle he focused more on, however, was racism. King defined racism as prejudice, apartheid, ethnic conflict, anti-Semitism, sexism, colonialism, homophobia, ageism, or discrimination against disabled groups and stereotypes. Later turning his efforts toRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 PagesPILLARS OF ISLAM COMPARED TO THE TEN PAGE 29 -34 COMMANDMENTS VIII. COMPARING THE LIFE OF TWO AFRO-AMERICANS (1) MALCOM X - ISLAMIC MUSLIM/QURAN PAGE 35-43 8 (2) MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. - CHRISTIAN/BIBLE PAGE 44-48 9 (3) BOTH MENS POLITICAL VIEWS ON VIOLENCE AND PAGE 49-56 CHANGE IN SOCIETY (4) THE STRONG CONNECTION BETWEEN BOTH MEN PAGE 57 (1) I amRead MoreTheology of the Book of Romans4654 Words   |  19 Pagesthe first seven chapters. 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These three topics shaped Martin and his views on racism, and they were also what made him the most respected and the most admired Civil Rights Leader of his time. Martinâ€⠄¢s Parents and Home Life MartinRead MoreEssay about The Sixties3137 Words   |  13 Pages Hubert Humphrey once stated, â€Å"When we say, ‘One nation under God, with liberty and justice for all,’ we are talking about all people. We either ought to believe it or quit saying it† (Hakim 111). During the 1960’s, a great number of people did, in fact, begin to believe it. These years were a time of great change for America. The country was literally redefined as people from all walks of life fought to uphold their standards on what they believed a true democracy is made of; equal rights forRead MorePoverty and the American Dream4620 Words   |  19 Pagesmany Americans as not only an American pursuit, but also many Americans, most especially those citizens that identify themselves as Christians see this pursuit as a Christian right of passage. In the catechesis of Christian language the American dream has become synonymous with the being a Christian. In the minds of many Americans the American Dream is a Christian reward to faithfulness. The proliferation of the American dream through the vehicle of the â€Å"Prosperity Gospel† is a cause for theRead MoreNot The Final CHHII 665 Essay4221 Words   |  17 PagesJason J. Graffagnino, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of CHHI 665 – B04 History of Baptists by Elizabeth Linz Barthelemy March 6, 2015 Contents Introduction 1 The Baptist Origin 2-3 The First Baptists Believers in America 3-4 Significant Names of Baptist Leaders 4-5 The American Baptist Contribution to â€Å"Religious Liberty† 6-7 Rhode Island 7-8 Plymouth 9 Pennsylvania 10 The Baptist’s Struggle for â€Å"Religious Liberty† 10-12 ConclusionRead MoreThe, Death And Blind Sheep3005 Words   |  13 Pagessuccumb to the excruciating heat of hell? The God who tells me that He would, uphold you with my righteous right hand, (Isa 41:10) yet allow a non-believer who has been unable to meet him fail. What about my free will and does it exist? It makes me think of a Martin Luther King quote that says, The time is always right to do what is right. (King Jr.) Well Dr. King, But is this a true statement? These are the thoughts that come to mind when deciding to choose this topic and it should be noted that

Organizational Culture At Ivey Business Journal - 1351 Words

Organisational culture shared among all the members, with its values, principles, traditions and methods of working. It determines how an organisation functions, from industry side to individually. It could be an important asset which, if not managed well, can be a critical liability for the organisation. While a healthy and positive organisational culture could increase relationship between employees and employer, and together achieve the maximum performance for the company, a deleterious culture would lead to the downfall of the organisation, and eventually collapse. It is an advantage that requires good management skill, coordination and communication in order for the organisation to utilize it well. Beaudan and Smith (2000) at Ivey Business Journal stated that corporate cultures are mature and complex organisms. One must carefully and smartly shape the culture, and it is wise to nurture corporate culture as an asset, rather than a risk and liability. This essay explains both bene ficial and negative sides of organisational culture, along with case studies supported. Goffee and Jones (1996) research comments that a majority of well-established organisations changed their culture in order to secure its competitive advantage. While external factors such as economy, competitors strategies and government regulations might be critical for an organisation and its managers to concern, organisation culture is an internal, intangible gift. Dummay and Cuganesan (2011) claimedShow MoreRelatedTransformational Leadership918 Words   |  4 Pagesimprovement in the productive efficiency of the subordinates (Rowe Nejad, 2009). Answer 2 Major transnational companies such as General Motors and British Airways recruited and encouraged charismatic leaders to boost their marketing aspect of the business. According to the article it is argued that Charismatic leaders for the marketing departments of these companies have proved to be inspirational for the subordinates and have helped generate a great degree of innovation (In Search of True, 2012Read MoreCase Study : Hacienda Encantada Resort Spa 71271 Words   |  6 Pagesthese changes. On a business level, these changes perhaps would contain the transformation of the internal corporate ideologies as well as enhancements in the management of human resources in reaction to intensifying workplace diversity and the evolving necessities of the workforce. According to strategy + business, â€Å"skilled change managers, conscious of organizational change management best practices, always make the most of their company’s existing culture† (Strategy + Business, 2 014). ThereforeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Roaring Dragon Hotel 857 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences faced by Hotel International Management and RDH employees to sustain in competitive business environment. It is one of the original three-star hotels in southwest China and a state owned enterprise (Grainger, 2008). Failure to recognize cultural norms and the relationship between employees, customers, and contractors will result in dramatic failure of modernization and an effective business plan (Grainger, 2008). â€Æ' Introduction: RDH is a state owned enterprise located in southwest ChinaRead MoreIvey – Development of a Multi-National Personnel Selection System2637 Words   |  11 PagesI. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Description of company in general terms and its business areas, key players and their roles, and relevant time frame of the case. ComInTec AG Co (ComInTec) is a world leading industrial company with administration, sales offices and production plants in various regions in the world.1 The owner of the company, Peter Koenig, wants to have a new personnel selection system to be developed to fill 25 middle management positions in the Asian-Pacific (APAC) region2. He prefersRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Virtue Ethics1277 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics and Virtue Ethics There are many things that make a company unique and successful. The liberty of working in an organization in society today is that, companies are filled with many different individuals from all ways of life. It’s these people who bring something new, innovative and exciting to their line of work and often times you will find positively affect the others around them. Within my military profession it is the leadership and the culture of our environment that makesRead MoreThe Influence of a Companys Leadership and Culture on Its Business Ethics1541 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the ways in which a companys leadership and culture influence its business ethics Definition of Organizational Culture Organizational culture refers to the values and behaviors essential in the contribution or development of unique social and psychological environment with reference to an organization. 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Managers face the daunting task of creating novel methods which transcend traditional strategic approaches and tools, in a less stable, certain, and complex environment (VoepelRead MoreThe Role and Responsibility of Company Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture1712 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to (Organic Workspaces, n. d) an organization’s culture refers to the observable, powerful forces in any organization, usually constituted by the employees’ shared values, beliefs, symbols, and behaviors. The organizational culture ideally influences its decisions and actions (Tharp, n. d). (Watkins, 2013) also defines organizational culture as a consistent and observable pattern of behavior in organizations. An organization’s culture channelizes individua l decisions and actions at a subconsciousRead MoreCorporate Fraud, Greed, Corruption, And Ethics1598 Words   |  7 Pagescompany comes to mind when you hear those words? Enron! In this paper we will take a look into the corporate facts and history as well as, stakeholder relationships, organizational trust issues, ethical leadership and ethical culture at Enron. As well as where improvements could have been made to improve organizational trust and ethical culture before Enron’s collapse. II. Corporate Facts and History According to the Texas State Historical Association, organized in Omaha, Nebraska in 1930, InterNorth

Sustainable International Business Future -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable International Business Future. Answer: Introduction: Organizations have been continuously expanding across the borders with the comprehensive marketplace becoming progressively more available for the small and large businesses similar, 2017 bringing in more prospects for working globally. Cross-cultural and multinational teams have been becoming a common factor where businesses are being able to benefit from gradually more diversified base of knowledge and other perceptive advancements to business issues (Muzychenko and Liesch 2015). However, along with the profits of expertise and insight, international organizations have been facing probable obstacles when it comes down to culture and global business. There are number of ways of defining culture, simply being described as certain common norms, which are accepted and shared by the society. However, in the context of the global business, one accepted and common professional norm from one country might be different from that of another (Bauer, Matzler and Wolf 2016). This paper would take into account the understanding and identification of the ways culture has been affecting global business in areas like communication, etiquette and organizational hierarchy that can help an individual in avoiding misunderstandings with contemporaries and clients on global basis and excel in the environment of globalized business. This paper would at length discuss about Global trade is now very established, so cultural differences should no longer be an issue in international business. Impact of Culture on Global Business: It would not be logical for a business in relying on the present loom of conducting business at a time when it is deciding on expanding at the international level. In a study of the international or global negotiations between the organizations, it has been maintained that successful negotiations not only need expertise in technology like the technique in communication, but also requires understanding the negotiations context that have been conducted in sheltering the profitable contracts. The cultural impact on the global organizations while expanding to newer regions with various customary cultures has been the subject of many research studies along with understanding the cultural differences. According to the Hofstede, culture can be defined as the communal agreement of the mind, which states that the member from one group is diverse from that of the others (Mazanec et al. 2015). His theory his mainly based on the value that can be placed upon six cultural dimensions. These are mainly power, collectivism, masculinity, indulgence, temporal orientation and uncertainty avoidance. Power distance can be defined as the level to which the less powerful associates of the organizations are expected to accept the fact that power is distributed unevenly. It does not gauge the power level in given culture but evaluates the way people feel it. In case of collectivism it is the level to which individuals are incorporated into various groups. Individualistic cultures signify attainment of personal goals whereas in the collective societies it is the well-being of the overall group. Masculinity takes in the allotment of emotional roles between the genders. This dimension takes in the level of significance a culture positions on stereotypical values of masculine as power, materialism along with feminine values like emphasizing on the values of human relationships. For indulgence it is about measuring the ability of the culture in satisfying the immediate requirements and desires of the members. Valuing of restraint means having strict social rules in which satisfaction driv ers are discouraged. Temporal orientation takes in the long term and short term orientation where short term orientation values the conventional methods and long term focuses on value rewards and being goal oriented (Beugelsdijk, Maseland and Hoorn 2015). Uncertainty avoidance takes in the tolerance of the society along with ambiguity. It measures the way society tackles with situations of unknown nature and unexpected events. As per the international business theory, global organizations have been trying in expanding to countries that presents with more similarities than the differences existing within two cultures so that the culture disparity is avoided (Chua, Roth and Lemoine 2015). It has generally been hard in making an absolute assumption that expansion of organizations into the territories with high level of cultural differences has an adverse effect on the performance. The knowledge of the organizational culture is important for the managers and should normally be measured in the feedback process, extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. For instance, US believe in strong relation between the pay level and job satisfaction, whereas in Japan the same fact has less effect (Efrat 2014). An American Manager, thus, would find it hard in motivating staffs through rewards and increments in Japan. Successful global companies understand the significance of culture that crops up from their marketing strategies that are culturally stranded of the targeted industries. A company having weaker understanding of the domestic culture of the target market can commend disastrous mistakes in improving on the marketing strategies through designing of the advertisements that might upset people for reasons containing unacceptable content. Companies that do not fully comprehend the culture of the targeted region, certain critical strategies of marketing fail to attract the attention of the customers right from the beginning. There have been many examples of the ethnically irreconcilable contents of marketing like use of an owl in an Indian advertisement is generally seen as positive luck content, while, animals wearing sunglasses and spectacles in advertisements intended for Thailand would not work well as they are generally thought to be lower life forms. Cultural Issues in International Business: Communication: Communication of effective nature is significant to the success of any sort of business venture, but is generally decisive when there is actual risk of ones message getting misplaced in translation development. Attitudes takes into account the way people behave and communicate along with interpreting the messages from certain other people. Perceptions of people can be manipulated by the differences existing within the values, priorities and advancement to the sort of the social organizations to where individuals belong. In many of the global companies, English is considered the primary language of business. However, the important fact is not the language one speaks, but the way the message is being conveyed. For example, Finns generally value succinctness and directness, whereas, the Indian professionals are more indirect and nuanced in their way of communicating at the organizational level (Brown 2014). Certain things like making direct eye contacts, dense handshakes or a kiss on th e cheek might be common work culture at certain countries, whereas, the same might be unusual or at times odious to a foreign client or colleague. For an individual, it is important to perform researches in advance of the professional connections with others of different culture. Navigating the factor of cross-cultural communication can be a challenge, it is important to advance the differences in culture with more openness, understanding and curiosity, comforting the others ((Efrat 2014). Societies differ significantly in their perception of the role of the manager. Much of this difference is aspect to the judgment of the one who would be taking the decisions and the peoples responsibility for certain specified tasks. Two issues in Cross Cultural Communication: Ambiguity: Cultures have been offering people with various thinking ways and construing the world. Same words can have different meaning to the people coming from different cultures, even at the time of speaking the same language. At the time when the language is dissimilar and communication is mainly through the process of translation, the probability for misunderstanding augments. Each culture has certain exclusive contexts and style of communicating. Ambiguity takes place in the communication development when individuals do not realize the cultural context of their own and that of the listener (Lee, Trimi and Kim 2013). For instance, an American manager was pleased with the performance of his Chinese team. Therefore, he decided on giving the team certain rewards and the motivational enhancement. The American manager promoted the top performers within the Chinese team to the post of Assistant Manager. However, to the surprise of the American manager, there was deterioration in the performance of the Manager in the next business quarter. Upon relevant discussion and individual research, it was found that the team generally performs well for the teams sake, but the members do not perform well when they are being put in situations where they work for the one individuals benefit (Samovar et al. 2015). It was big revelation on the part of the American manager as he apprehended the various values of culture. People from various cultures come together; they have a propensity in assuming certain things, not always aware of the difference in the style of communication and the cultural values, not taking the c ognizance of the system of values of other cultures. This generally leads to a situation where the listener generally loses out on the message part along with developing an inaccurate perspective about the information that is being delivered. Ethnocentrism: Ethnocentrism can be defined as the postulation where an individual considers his own cultural group to be more rational where he considers other cultures inferior. Ethnocentrism is often taken in as the unusual behavior that is complex to avoid in advance. When being confronted in a different culture, individuals tend to critic it with reference to their personal standards along with evaluating the new culture from the perspective of the host nation (Cavusgil and Knight 2015). The discerning listening and value decision factor, affecting severely the quality of communication, can also exemplify such a behavior. Workplace Etiquette: Various approaches to the professional communication can be stated as one of the immeasurable differences at the workplace norms globally. For example, the address formality is generally a bigger consideration while tackling with the colleagues and partners in business from diverse countries. Certain countries prefer surnames and titles whereas others accept the first name only. It generally varies across the organizations, with Asian countries like China and South Korea having the tendency to use formal Mr./Ms. Surname, whereas, Canadians and Americans use the first name only. The punctuality concept also differs between the cultures existing in a global business environment. Various ideas of the things that composes being on time, generally leads to cultural perceptions that are negative in nature. For instance, an American might turn up at a meeting a few minutes early, whereas an Italian or a Mexican individual might arrive several minutes late after the planned start time and still be measured on time. Along with the etiquette differences, comes the difference in attitude, mainly in things like altercation at workplace, rules and regulations and the unspecified working hours. Some determines the long hours of working as the sign of obligation and attainment, whereas, others might deem these extra hours to be exhibition of lack of competence or the reprioritization of the personal time (Morrell et al. 2013). Organizational Hierarchy: Organizational hierarchy along with the attitude towards the roles of the management can vary extensively between the cultures. The individuals working in the middle or junior level management positions at times are confident of speaking in meetings, questioning the decisions of the senior that happens bases on the cultural custom. Often this sort of attitudes led to a reflection of the societal values of the country or the level of the societal parity. For example, Japan conventionally values social hierarchy, comparative status and the respect for seniority; bringing the same to the organizational table. This hierarchy assists in defining roles and other responsibilities across the organization. This also takes into account that the senior management places command respect, expecting a certain formality level from the junior team members. However, the Scandinavian countries like Norway put much emphasis on the societal equality, having the propensity in having moderately flat organizational hierarchy (Koch et al. 2016). This can generally be seen as the informal communication, putting much emphasis on the factor of cooperation across the organization. At the time of defining roles in the global or cross-cultural teams having diversified outlook and anticipation of the organizational hierarchy, it is generally easy in seeing the reasons that make cultural differences an issue (Adler and Graham 2017). Models and Theories related to Global Trade: Over the years, there has been discussion over several theories and concepts that underpin the importance of global trade and the ways companies have been valuing international business and focusing on uniformity. Dealing with Cultural Differences in Global Business: In global business scenario, it is difficult for organizational managements in learning culture of their equivalents and tackles an individual as per their belief. However, there are certain ways through which cultural differences can be minimized in global business encounters. According to the determinants of competitive advantage in nations, any company striving for expansion globally should take into consideration the industry structure and rivalry existing in that particular country along with the government rules and regulations. Culture should not pose itself as a barrier for organizations that are planning global expansions. Companies do look out for certain benefits like cheap labor and tax exemption while trying to expand in foreign lands for increasing their revenue and profit margin. A lot of thought process and strategies goes into it in setting up of business in other countries. They try and invest in factors like technology and training for people of a certain country to get acquainted with the essential things that is required by a particular company for its operations in foreign land. Cultural differences sometimes pose a threat where organizations need to focus on advanced factors like researches, technology and human instead of only on basic factors like climate, demographics and natural resources (Adler and Graham 2017). As per Dunnings Eclectic Paradigm, a firm should take account of factors like ownership advantages (why), location (where) and internalization (how) advantages (Dunning 2015). It needs to address the why question for ownership, which takes in the firm detailed advantages, facilitating it for overcoming cost and other impediments factor of conducting operations in foreign land. The location factor takes in the where question, the firm needs to assess the location factor that would give it the maximum output through minimum investment. Land, labor and tax are certain factors that are looked after by companies in such matters. In case of internalization, it is mostly about how the company would be going abroad and the way it would be entering into the market. Companies should also consider the network model where organizations need to consider things like creating and maintaining relationships along with understanding their norms and cultures and the ways they do business (Mazanec et al. 2015). It is stated to be one of the database models that is being conceived in the flexible way of illustrating objects along with the relationships. Firms tend to make the best use of their network positions for extemalize the activities. Cultural Awareness: An increase in the inventory of cultural information, there is also an increase in the cross-cultural encounters. This would be assisting the business people in capturing the culture differences in quick fashion and acting accordingly. Adding to that would be the confidence of performing at an international level as cultural knowledge helps in offering customer service in more effective manner (Dabi?, Tipuri? and Podrug 2015). Knowing about other cultures provides an individual with competitive advantage in performing business across the borders. Developing a sense of cultural heterogeneity: Cultural heterogeneity can be defined as the belief in the factor of cultural pluralism. The primary building block of the cultural heterogeneity factor is that all people are not same, and that groups within the society do differ. A national culture might fluctuate based on the regional character, religious memberships and linguistic attachment. Hofstede in his explanation power distance in global context has generally grouped national cultures along with factors based on masculinity versus femininity, individualism versus collectivism and uncertainty avoidance dimensions (Pudelko, Tenzer and Harzing 2014). The bureaucratic and synergistic culture of the organizations presents a sense of heterogeneity that might be influential in maximizing the pros and minimization of the cons in the cross-cultural business encounters. Purpose and Task related focus: Once there has been an acknowledgement of the cultural diversity, business people would do well to focus on the purpose and the task of the business along with the subsidiary of the cultural differences. Averting of the ethnocentrism might be influential for subordinating the cultural divergences. Ethnocentric approach positions itself at the middle of judging others surrounding it. Apart from the factor of ethnocentrism, chauvinism might harm in the orientation of purpose and task in global operation as chauvinism imitate a negative outlook against certain other groups (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). Lack of ethnocentrism would result in an echelon playing field where everyone would be working in equal manner, for the purpose and task of the business. Create cultural synergy: Eastern cultures are quite different from the Western cultures. Despite of having these differences, both have been performing businesses successfully. The cultural synergy concept is one of the unique organizational concepts that determine the cultural assortment as a resource. Each culture has some uniqueness and in the perspective of multicultural, that uniqueness might end up yielding fresh solutions to the existing issues (Ferraro and Briody 2017). Several steps might be undertaken for using the better parts of other culture in solving the problems of business. Believing in win-win game: It is often being said that good businesses should enclose something for both the parties. Business people should generally stick to situations that are win-win in nature in negotiations taking place in global business. It is important in being empathic, trying to comprehend the expectation of the counterpart. It is indispensable in considering other aspects of the culture in negotiation, for instance, recognizing the decision maker, understanding the time concept and knowing time of doing the deals (Muzychenko and Liesch 2015). Conclusion: It can be concluded that as companies venture into regions having different culture it generally faces certain hurdles in the shape of various norms, beliefs and language. The organization needs to align itself with the culture that is prevailing for reaping the benefits of organizational expansion. The significance of understanding of culture as per the marketing strategies states the fact that marketing that are culturally irreconcilable can backfire and hamper the reputation of the organization in certain ways. The information flow is more significant for the fact that markets are becoming accessible and the organization having right products would want to reach as many consumers as they can. Reference: Adler, N.J. and Graham, J.L., 2017. Cross-cultural Interaction: The International Comparison Fallacy?. InLanguage in International Business(pp. 33-58). Springer International Publishing. Bauer, F., Matzler, K. and Wolf, S., 2016. MA and innovation: The role of integration and cultural differencesa central European targets perspective.International Business Review,25(1), pp.76-86. Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R. and Hoorn, A., 2015. Are scores on Hofstede's dimensions of national culture stable over time? A cohort analysis.Global Strategy Journal,5(3), pp.223-240. Brown, J.M., 2014. How Can Cultural Differences Affect Business Communication?.Small Business. Cavusgil, S.T. and Knight, G., 2015. The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization.Journal of International Business Studies,46(1), pp.3-16. Chua, R.Y., Roth, Y. and Lemoine, J.F., 2015. The impact of culture on creativity: How cultural tightness and cultural distance affect global innovation crowdsourcing work.Administrative Science Quarterly,60(2), pp.189-227. Dabi?, M., Tipuri?, D. and Podrug, N., 2015. Cultural differences affecting decision-making style: A comparative study between four countries.Journal of Business Economics and Management,16(2), pp.275-289. de Gelder, B. and Veld, E.M.H.I.T., 2016. Cultural Differences in Emotional Expressions and Body Language. InThe Oxford Handbook of Cultural Neuroscience. Dunning, J.H., 2015. Reappraising the eclectic paradigm in an age of alliance capitalism. InThe Eclectic Paradigm(pp. 111-142). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Efrat, K., 2014. The direct and indirect impact of culture on innovation.Technovation,34(1), pp.12-20. Ferraro, G.P. and Briody, E.K., 2017.The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis. Koch, P.T., Koch, B.J., Menon, T. and Shenkar, O., 2016. In cross-national teams, cultural differences can be an advantage.LSE Business Review. Lee, S.G., Trimi, S. and Kim, C., 2013. The impact of cultural differences on technology adoption.Journal of World Business,48(1), pp.20-29. Li, C., Brodbeck, F.C., Shenkar, O., Ponzi, L.J. and Fisch, J.H., 2017. Embracing the foreign: Cultural attractiveness and international strategy.Strategic Management Journal,38(4), pp.950-971. Mazanec, J.A., Crotts, J.C., Gursoy, D. and Lu, L., 2015. Homogeneity versus heterogeneity of cultural values: An item-response theoretical approach applying Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a single nation.Tourism Management,48, pp.299-304. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Morrell, D.L., Ravlin, E.C., Ramsey, J.R. and Ward, A.K., 2013. Past experience, cultural intelligence, and satisfaction with international business studies.Journal of Teaching in International Business,24(1), pp.31-43. Muzychenko, O. and Liesch, P.W., 2015. International opportunity identification in the internationalisation of the firm.Journal of World Business,50(4), pp.704-717. Pudelko, M., Tenzer, H. and Harzing, A.W., 2014. Cross-cultural management and language studies within international business research: past and present paradigms and suggestions for future research.Routledge companion to crosscultural management. London: Routledge. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2015.Communication between cultures. Nelson Education.

Lonesome Dove free essay sample

The story starts out simple and slow but this is how McMurtry draws you in; there’s no busy plot just a small glimpse into the incredible connection between people surviving in the beautiful, grandiose territory of the South. I became emotionally attached from the very start and as I continued reading the layers of the story unfolded revealing a deep array of emotions intertwined into a lesson of love, regret and fear. The only thing that made the book an even better read was watching the mini-series. A person cannot fathom the long distance travelled on any cattle drive without having travelled a long distance themselves. This past Christmas holiday I took my first road trip out of the state with my two daughters. We traveled to Alamogordo, New Mexico and it took me nine hours just to get out of Texas and only thirty minutes to get to my final destination in New Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Lonesome Dove or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The expansive drive gave me a great appreciation for the distance travelled by the endearing men of Lonesome Dove and that was with me driving at 80mph, I cannot imagine riding a horse or walking only a few miles a day. The distance also amplifies the aching desperation felt when anyone travelled from one place to another especially in Texas. You saw it in Red River when John Wayne leaves the drive right in the beginning. You also feel it when Jubal Quimper leaves to take care of business up north. The sentimental wave of emotion felt by Gus as he looks around Lonesome Dove before leaving on the trail is another good example of this fear of never returning; the film best captured this moment. I’m sure if I was heading to New Mexico by horse and/or foot I’d be filled with the fear and apprehension of never returning as well. When comparing the movie to the book, I’m surprised that the film was as the book’s depiction. I find that refreshing and appealing since in many instances the film adaptation of a book can become a whole new story. The Lonesome Dove series took the actual storyline, setting and characters from the book enhancing them so the audience was able to identify with the author’s vision. Of course as with any film adaptation there were a few scenes shortened and some parts were even cut out completely. In the series two characters I missed were Wilbarger the traveler most amused by Gus and Louisa the lonely farm woman who tries to keep Roscoe on as her husband but in retrospect I can understand why they were left out of the film. The ending disappointed me the most, especially the death of Gus my favorite character. At first I couldn’t quite understand his last wish of wanting to be buried in Texas when he could be buried near Clara on her land. Even more baffling was Cal’s determination to carry out his request; I was just as upset as Clara at the idea of Cal taking Gus’s corpse all the way to Texas from Montana. The gesture itself I could identify with but with regard to the danger and distance of the trip it seemed to me that Gus could not have been in his right mind when he made that request. Look at how many people were buried along the driveSean O’Brien, Roscoe Brown, Joe Allen, Janey, Jake Spoon and Deets. I’m sure they would have all liked to have been buried in a special place but their circumstances would not allow for that. Watching the film gave me a different perspective and a better understanding of the relationship between Cal and Gus. The ending although still upsetting was full of compassion and after visibly watching the scene where Gus passes away, I began to change my mind about his burial. There was so much unsaid between the two friends but the light banter spoke volumes. Even more heart wrenching was Cal’s conflicted heart over taking Gus home. The scene of the film where Clara gets angry with Cal shows it all. You can see how Clara’s words impacts Cal and his resigned look of emotion shows me that he agrees with her speech. His breakdown begins there at Clara’s ranch and he uses the trip to Texas as a way to grieve for his friend. By the time he buries Gus, Cal seems to realize where he made his mistakes in life with first Maggie and then with Newt. Captain Cal Woodrow will not confess his regrets but he seems resigned to accept there are things he should have done differently. Reading more about Larry McMurtry and his life also shed light on the way the ending unfolded. I was surprised to read that his previous books were more contemporary and that he viewed the frontier as being over romanticized. According to one article McMurtry thought he had written an anti-Western; one that focused on the intricate, urban truth of the real West. When I take into account McMurtry’s true intent along with the loosely based depiction of Oliver Loving and Charles Goodnight true life adventure, I can identify with his choice on how it ends. Gus’s request to be buried in Texas is one of the details taken from the real account of Goodnight-Loving trail drive but with the addition of Clara to the fictional story that request made less sense. In the end what saved it all for me was the film because when Cal suggests to Gus that he be buried on Clara’s ranch, Gus tells Cal he doesn’t want to be buried near Clara’s husband and that is understandable. When writing Lonesome Dove, McMurtry was attempting to capture a true depiction of the West without the romantic undertone I mentioned earlier. I now understand completely what he was attempting. The book is romantic but only because the characters are human and have the desire to be loved; don’t we all? It’s the raw, harsh, downfalls that make the reader indentify with McMurtry’s vision, for instance the water moccasin attack on young Sean, or the cold-blooded outlaws that Jake gets involved with, or Elmira the desperate woman who risks her life and abandons both of her children in search of a man. Let us not forget the abduction of Lorena and the graphic details of her captivity along with the murder of Roscoe, Janey and little Joe. These depictions are upsetting and not in any way romantic but again what readers fell in love with is the land, the heartache and characters themselves. Again McMurtry’s story is simple but full of substance brought on by these characters; none of them are insignificant and they are all given a larger than life persona. Again my favorite character was Augustus McCrae. If I had to travel for months on the open range of Texas I cannot think of anyone I’d like to keep me company more than Gus. This is a cowboy that is not afraid to live his life; who is not afraid to show his heart and speak his mind. He loves laughter and living just like his feminine counterpart—Clara; from the first chapter I was charmed by Gus’s charisma and sarcastic nature. You could tell visually wasn’t as handsome as Cal but he would have had no problem charming me into a poke. He’s the type of man who can make a woman feel special and make a man feel like he’s missing out on something important in life. I was afraid that Robert Duvall’s portrayal of Gus would not live up to my expectations but he embodied that role perfectly. His caring nature mixed in with his fiery attitude made me feel excited to watch every scene he was in. The most memorable characteristic of Gus is his fearlessness; his carefree approach to life finally caught up with him in the scene where he initiates a buffalo chase over a ridge not knowing or caring what awaits. All the characters of Lonesome Dove were accurately cast in my opinion but the one that was most dynamic was Cal. Tommy Lee Jones always does a great job of acting without using a lot of words and that’s exactly the kind of man Cal was; a man of few words. Cal’s character in the book did not play out as deep as Gus’s character but in the film he exceeded the part. I felt more connected to the Cal in the film that his character in the book. Another scene that brought tears to my eyes (along with many of the others) was the interaction between father and son, where Cal gives Newt his watch but cannot quite bring himself to tell him he’s his father. The exchange is touching and I was relieved that in the film Newt gets the message. They both know who they were to one another and it is acted out in a realistic way since men are not know for how well they express themselves verbally. Angelica Huston and Rick Schroder were among my other favorites in the mini-series. There is not another woman I can imagine as Clara; she was sturdy yet feminine, strong-willed yet patient and she possessed the attitude of a man with the class of a woman. The excitement and love she displayed at seeing Gus again made her appear young and carefree but the tenderness she showed Newt showed she is still a loving mother. As for Rick Schroder, I did not think he would be able to put across a convincing performance as Newt but he proved me wrong. On film Newt’s naive and insecure demeanor was ever present in his dialogue and body language especially when he was forced to interact with Cal. By the end of the film he has grown into his skin and is maturing into a confident, skilled cattleman; making his father proud. The other characters were also represented as accurately as I imagined but I think a lot of that stems from the dedication and enthusiasm of the actors. At the time of filming in Austin there was a sense of euphoria and historic wistfulness among the cast and crew in anticipation of being a part of such an epic project. In an article covering the 20th anniversary of Lonesome Dove, Tommy Lee Jones is quoted as saying, â€Å"Everybody that worked on the film cared a great deal about the authenticity of it. They felt it was mainly their responsibility to do the right by the book. † The passion these actors invested into bringing McMurtry’s novel to life is apparent in the finished product; this is ironic compared to the author’s view of his now classic novel. It is clear that Larry McMurtry was not whole heartedly devoted to his work on Lonesome Dove nor was he prepared for the impact it made to readers, historians and Hollywood.

The people of the Northwest Coast essays

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The importance of marketing in travel and tourism Essay

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